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Asal Usul Sinterklas dalam Sejarah dan Tradisi Natal

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MELIHAT INDONESIA, JAKARTA – Sinterklas, yang dikenal sebagai Bapak Natal, merupakan sosok yang sangat erat dengan perayaan Natal. Dikenal dengan pakaian merah dan janggut lebat, Sinterklas selalu digambarkan sebagai sosok yang periang. Namun, dari manakah asal-usul gagasan mengenai Sinterklas ini?

Santo Nicholas: Awal Mula Sinterklas

Sinterklas, atau yang kadang disebut sebagai “Saint Nick,” berasal dari kisah Santo Nicholas, seorang uskup dari Myra yang hidup pada abad ke-4 di Yunani. Santo Nicholas dikenal dengan kisah-kisah ajaibnya, seperti membangkitkan anak yang dibunuh dan menyelamatkan tiga gadis dari perbudakan dengan memberikan mereka emas melalui cerobong asap mereka. Emas yang jatuh ke dalam stoking yang digantung di dekat api inilah yang kemudian menjadi inspirasi untuk tradisi stoking Natal.

Perayaan Santo Nicholas di Eropa

Kisah Santo Nicholas dan pemberian hadiah menjadi sangat populer di seluruh Eropa pada Abad Pertengahan. Pada tanggal 6 Desember, hari raya Santo Nicholas diperingati, dan orang-orang mulai meninggalkan hadiah untuk anak-anak pada malam sebelumnya.

Sinterklaas di Belanda

Di Belanda, karakter Sinterklaas berkembang sebagai sosok yang baik hati dan dermawan. Dia dikisahkan mampu memasuki rumah-rumah yang terkunci untuk memberikan hadiah kepada anak-anak pada musim dingin. Selain itu, pasar yang merayakan Sinterklaas juga sangat populer pada abad pertengahan, dengan kios-kios yang menjual mainan dan camilan. Seiring waktu, karakter-karakter jahat yang menghukum anak-anak nakal pun muncul, seperti Krampus dan Knecht Rupert, yang menambah nuansa dalam narasi Sinterklaas.

Bapak Natal di Inggris

Pada abad ke-15 di Inggris, gagasan tentang Bapak Natal muncul, dengan tokoh yang dikenal sebagai “Sir Christemas” yang menyebarkan kabar kelahiran Kristus. Kemudian, pada masa Tudor dan Stuart, bangsawan Inggris mempekerjakan “Lord of Misrule” untuk memimpin perayaan musim dingin. Tokoh ini dikenal dengan nama “Captain Christmas” atau “Prince Christmas.” Namun, nama dan karakter Bapak Natal lebih populer setelah Ben Johnson, penulis drama Inggris, memperkenalkannya dalam karyanya “Christmas, His Masque” pada 1616.

Kris Kringle di Jerman

Di Jerman, pada masa Reformasi, umat Protestan berusaha menghapuskan tradisi Sinterklas. Sebagai gantinya, mereka mendorong konsep Yesus sebagai pemberi hadiah Natal, yang dikenal sebagai Christkindl. Seiring waktu, Christkindl berubah menjadi Kris Kringle dalam bahasa Inggris, menyatu dengan tradisi yang berkembang di berbagai negara.

Tradisi Sinterklas yang Bertahan

Walaupun beberapa perubahan terjadi, tradisi Sinterklas tetap hidup. Orang Belanda membawa kisah tentang Sinterklas ke Amerika, dan di sana, ia digambarkan sebagai sosok yang terbang menggunakan kereta rusa dan memberikan hadiah melalui cerobong asap. Puisi tahun 1821 menggambarkan sosok ini, dan kemudian puisi Clement Clarke Moore “A Visit from St. Nicholas” (1823) semakin mengukuhkan karakter Sinterklas dalam budaya populer.

Sinterklas di Inggris dan Perpaduan Tradisi

Sinterklas akhirnya sampai di Inggris, di mana ia bergabung dengan narasi Bapak Natal. Warga Victoria menyambut baik kedatangan sosok ini, yang dianggap sebagai pembaruan dari Bapak Natal yang lebih tua. Seiring berjalannya waktu, berbagai tradisi Natal lainnya muncul, seperti pohon cemara, kartu Natal, dan pemberian hadiah pada hari Natal.

Kini, baik nama Bapak Natal maupun Sinterklas tetap populer dalam tradisi Natal. Namun, sosok Sinterklas yang ceria dan penuh semangat lebih banyak digunakan dalam perayaan Natal di seluruh dunia, menggambarkan kedekatan tradisi dengan semangat berbagi dan kebahagiaan. (**)

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